Table 2. Effect of electrical stimulation and postmortem aging on development of volatile components of longissimus lumborum and biceps femoris muscles
Volatiles (μg/g wet tissue) | RT | Muscles | Aging 2 d | Aging 14 d | SEM | F-value |
LRI | Control | ES1) | Control | ES | Aging | ES | Muscle | Aging*ES |
Acetaldehyde | 1.52 | LL | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.03 | 4.5* | 1.58 | 0.01 | 1.41 |
≤800 | BF | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.03 | 1.39 | 0.46 | 0.01 |
3-Methylpropanal | 2.01 | LL | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.028 | 0.011 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 6.14* |
≤800 | BF | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.01 | 1.98 | 0.79 | 1.25 |
3-Methylbutanal | 3.55 | LL | 0.05 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.02 | 1.17 | 4.82* | 0.49 | 0.02 |
≤800 | BF | 0.013 | 0.028 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.01 | 4.20* | 2.68 | 3.45 |
2-Methylbutanal | 3.76 | LL | 0.081 | 0.088 | 0.109 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 3.36* | 0.01 | 3.86* | 0.02 |
≤800 | BF | 0.055 | 0.064 | 0.059 | 0.071 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 2.14 | 0.09 |
Pentanal | 4.55 | LL | 0.02 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 3.86* | 4.35* | 1.71 | 2 |
≤800 | BF | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.01 | 3.04* | 4.71* | 2.3 |
Hexanal | 7.54 | LL | 0.225 | 0.335 | 0.355 | 0.295 | 0.07 | 5.94* | 1.69 | 2.10 | 0.76 |
816 | BF | 0.227 | 0.29 | 0.258 | 0.301 | 0.08 | 1.45 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
Fufural | 8.45 | LL | 0.028 | 0.044 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.01 | 1.2 | 1.26 | 1.06 | 1.45 |
875 | BF | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.039 | 0.051 | 0.01 | 3.32* | 4.34* | 1.03 |
Heptanal | 10.38 | LL | 0.184 | 0.227 | 0.292 | 0.298 | 0.02 | 4.52* | 2.20* | 0.2 | 0.41 |
920 | BF | 0.129 | 0.194 | 0.146 | 0.171 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 0.01 |
(E)-2-Heptenal | 11.81 | LL | 0.014 | 0.03 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 2.51 |
1188 | BF | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.024 | 0.035 | 0.06 | 2.3 | 0.99 | 1.08 |
Benzaldehyde | 12.01 | LL | 0.226 | 0.215 | 0.325 | 0.254 | 0.05 | 0.79 | 0.44 | 5.55* | 0.42 |
1025 | BF | 0.409 | 0.347 | 0.562 | 0.526 | 0.13 | 5.15* | 3.68* | 2.01 |
Octanal | 12.89 | LL | 0.301 | 0.317 | 0.239 | 0.207 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 3.28* | 0.12 | 0.94 |
1335 | BF | 0.306 | 0.323 | 0.308 | 0.236 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.23 | 0.26 |
Propanal | 14.93 | LL | 0.263 | 0.399 | 0.498 | 0.533 | 0.07 | 1.63 | 7.55* | 0.43 | 0.57 |
1047 | BF | 0.304 | 0.387 | 0.315 | 0.541 | 0.1 | 3.73* | 1.07 | 0.8 |
(E)-2-Octenal | 14.13 | LL | 0.214 | 0.267 | 0.317 | 0.341 | 0.04 | 2.76 | 4.06* | 0.89 | 0.11 |
1068 | BF | 0.208 | 0.236 | 0.221 | 0.345 | 0.05 | 2.4 | 1.56 | 0.95 |
Nonanal | 15.09 | LL | 0.549 | 0.558 | 0.63 | 0.561 | 0.05 | 1.4 | 4.53* | 0.1 | 0.9 |
1128 | BF | 0.404 | 0.634 | 0.627 | 0.736 | 0.06 | 5.12* | 0.5 | 2.53 |
Benzenacetaldehyde | 13.89 | LL | 0.034 | 0.055 | 0.041 | 0.056 | 0.01 | 2.16 | 5.02* | 0.4 | 0.21 |
1189 | BF | 0.028 | 0.086 | 0.033 | 0.055 | 0.03 | 1.75 | 1.19 | 0.37 |
(E)-2-Nonenal | 16.24 | LL | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.01 | 3.69* | 0.86 | 2.51 | 0.23 |
1171 | BF | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.032 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
Decanal | 17.08 | LL | 0.02 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 1.66 | 1.48 | 0.16 |
1235 | BF | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.026 | 0.018 | 0.01 | 4.09* | 0.53 | 2.71 |
(E)-2-Decenal | 18.13 | LL | 0.09 | 0.094 | 0.034 | 0.059 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 6.64* | 0.12 | 0.11 |
1277 | BF | 0.064 | 0.06 | 0.059 | 0.086 | 0.2 | 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.66 |
Undecanal | 18.73 | LL | 0.056 | 0.034 | 0.069 | 0.042 | 0.01 | 6.78* | 1.37 | 0.78 | 0.07 |
| BF | 0.064 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.064 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.5 |
(E, E)-2,4-Decadienal | 19.16 | LL | 0.191 | 0.121 | 0.283 | 0.158 | 0.03 | 2.89 | 6.18* | 0.85 | 0.43 |
1313 | BF | 0.127 | 0.125 | 0.148 | 0.168 | 0.04 | 3.09 | 1.12 | 1.73 |
2-Undecenal | 19.90 | LL | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.05 | 0.038 | 0.02 | 2.42 | 3.82* | 0.7 | 0.13 |
| BF | 0.054 | 0.044 | 0.062 | 0.037 | 0.01 | 1.65 | 0.21 | 0.07 |
Tridecanal | 20.63 | LL | 0.028 | 0.04 | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 1.61 | 0.61 |
1745 | BF | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.38 |
Palmitaldehyde | 26.54 | LL | 0.121 | 0.066 | 0.079 | 0.061 | 0.03 | 1.4 | 0.56 | 5.37* | 0.36 |
1800 | BF | 0.175 | 0.105 | 0.243 | 0.083 | 0.05 | 5.48* | 0.22 | 0.84 |
Total aldehydes | | LL | 2.814 | 3.114 | 3.564 | 3.184 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.5 | 1.92 |
| BF | 2.701 | 3.108 | 3.322 | 3.669 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 1.86 | 0.35 |
1-Pentanol | 6.54 | LL | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.032 | 0.01 | 1.13 | 4.88* | 0.6 | 1.35 |
≤800 | BF | 0.009 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.112 | 0.04 | 1.29 | 2.25 | 1.03 |
2-Furanmethanol | 9.08 | LL | 0.021 | 0.065 | 0.041 | 0.075 | 0.18 | 3.15* | 1.46 | 1.12 | 0.6 |
1028 | BF | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.037 | 0.057 | 0.01 | 2.78 | 2.01 | 1.57 |
1-Hexanol | 9.48 | LL | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.039 | 0.027 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
1296 | BF | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.053 | 0.01 | 5.19* | 0.7 | 2.94 |
1-Heptanol | 12.22 | LL | 0.135 | 0.106 | 0.192 | 0.076 | 0.02 | 1.33 | 3.6* | 0.37 | 0.1 |
1700 | BF | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.138 | 0.103 | 0.04 | 1.2 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
1-Octen-3-ol | 12.32 | LL | 0.049 | 0.03 | 0.042 | 0.032 | 0.01 | 1.52 | 0.4 | 3.26* | 0.11 |
2593 | BF | 0.046 | 0.036 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 7.16* | 3.13* | 1.29 |
3-Thiophenemetanol | 14.93 | LL | 0.039 | 0.051 | 0.054 | 0.033 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.78 |
| BF | 0.036 | 0.026 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.25 |
1-Octanol | 14.11 | LL | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.069 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 1.52 | 0.02 |
1071 | BF | 0.049 | 0.065 | 0.063 | 0.073 | 0.1 | 0.52 | 2.47 | 0.35 |
Total alcohols | | LL | 0.366 | 0.384 | 0.451 | 0.334 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.1 |
| BF | 0.297 | 0.316 | 0.406 | 0.52 | 0.8 | 2.88 | 1.48 | 1.13 |
2-Butanone | 2.35 | LL | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.93 |
≤800 | BF | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 1.63 | 0.15 |
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 4.83 | LL | 0.009 | 0.03 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.05 | 0.87 | 1.64 | 1.1 | 0.58 |
≤800 | BF | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 1.7 |
2-Propanone | 1.52 | LL | 0.048 | 0.124 | 0.154 | 0.159 | 0.06 | 3.13* | 3.51* | 0.68 | 0.97 |
≤800 | BF | 0.046 | 0.073 | 0.052 | 0.169 | 0.04 | 2.88 | 1.48 | 1.13 |
2-Heptanone | 10.03 | LL | 0.014 | 0.032 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.01 | 1.65 | 0.3 | 1.15 | 0.95 |
933 | BF | 0.01 | 0.024 | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.1 | 1.19 |
2-Octanone | 13.34 | LL | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.89 | 0.1 |
1034 | BF | 0.036 | 0.044 | 0.048 | 0.059 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
2-Nonanone | 14.65 | LL | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.044 | 0.055 | 0.01 | 3.61* | 3.52* | 0.1 | 0.1 |
1139 | BF | 0.02 | 0.083 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 1.09 | 1.31 | 0.94 |
Total ketones | | LL | 0.144 | 0.261 | 0.271 | 0.287 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 1.95 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| BF | 0.14 | 0.238 | 0.161 | 0.295 | 0.06 | 3.66* | 0.25 | 0.02 |
Hexane | 3.54 | LL | 0.012 | 0.044 | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 1.68 | 0.4 | 9.16** |
≤800 | BF | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.028 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.16 | 0.43 |
Acetic acid | 4.48 | LL | 0.104 | 0.016 | 0.117 | 0.028 | 0.01 | 1.41 | 0.03 | - | 0.01 |
≤800 | BF | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Heptane | 4.78 | LL | 0.076 | 0.121 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 1.61 | 4.65* | 0.63 |
≤800 | BF | 0.041 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 0.02 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.33 |
Toluene | 6.53 | LL | 0.038 | 0.058 | 0.028 | 0.036 | 0.02 | 1.42 | 1.85 | 0.49 | 0.31 |
≤802 | BF | 0.019 | 0.036 | 0.025 | 0.066 | 0.07 | 2.77 | 1.07 | 0.45 |
2,4 dimethylheptane | 10.45 | LL | 0.062 | 0.091 | 0.146 | 0.119 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.33 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
≤800 | BF | 0.141 | 0.237 | 0.163 | 0.351 | 0.01 | 3.86* | 0.9 | 0.4 |
Butanoic acid | 11.08 | LL | 0.026 | 0.031 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 1.46 | - | 0.77 |
≤801 | BF | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
4 Methyloctane | 14.38 | LL | 0.214 | 0.143 | 0.155 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.06 | - | 1.06 |
1097 | BF | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3-Methyldodecane | 15.51 | LL | 0.217 | 0.164 | 0.237 | 0.247 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.4 | 0.13 |
1110 | BF | 0.181 | 0.279 | 0.188 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 2.49 | 0.24 | 0.15 |
2-Methylundecane | 16.45 | LL | 0.09 | 0.094 | 0.154 | 0.142 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.78 | - | 0.03 |
1113 | BF | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Decane C10 | 12.58 | LL | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.032 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 5.31* | 0.01 | 4.18* | 5.98* |
1421 | BF | 0.033 | 0.025 | 0.045 | 0.039 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 3.57* | 0.03 |
Undecane C11 | 14.96 | LL | 0.129 | 0.151 | 0.206 | 0.163 | 0.05 | 4.27* | 0.81 | 3.07* | 0.43 |
1121 | BF | 0.148 | 0.074 | 0.17 | 0.141 | 0.03 | 1.1 | 0.02 | 2.74 |
Dodecane C12 | 16.92 | LL | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.036 | 0.026 | 0.01 | 4.72* | 3.31* | 2.0 | 0.06 |
1421 | BF | 0.037 | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.058 | 0.02 | 4.43* | 2.12 | 2.35 |
Tridecane C13 | 18.74 | LL | 0.078 | 0.046 | 0.063 | 0.062 | 0.01 | 1.15 | 0.01 | 1.91 | 1.01 |
1323 | BF | 0.08 | 0.066 | 0.079 | 0.071 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Tetradecane C14 | 20.42 | LL | 0.026 | 0.072 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.03 | 4.81* | 0.39 | 0.7 | 0.51 |
1386 | BF | 0.027 | 0.034 | 0.03 | 0.029 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.14 |
Pentadecane C15 | 22.01 | LL | 0.035 | 0.026 | 0.047 | 0.038 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 2.35 | 1.13 | 0.01 |
1491 | BF | 0.035 | 0.069 | 0.037 | 0.083 | 0.03 | 1.83 | 1.01 | 0.1 |
Hexadecane C16 | 23.52 | LL | 0.012 | 0.046 | 0.031 | 0.086 | 0.02 | 3.4* | 1.49 | 0.54 | 0.2 |
1600 | BF | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.085 | 0.02 | 4.9* | 4.23* | 3.98* |
Heptadecane C17 | 24.93 | LL | 0.031 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 1.42 | 0.99 |
1700 | BF | 0.058 | 0.038 | 0.027 | 0.017 | 0.03 | 0.35 | 1.06 | 0.03 |
Total hydrocarbons | | LL | 1.199 | 1.172 | 1.429 | 1.384 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 2.71 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
| BF | 0.83 | 0.963 | 0.866 | 1.371 | 0.21 | 5.45* | 0.3 | 1.95 |
Dimethyltrisulfide | | LL | 0.045 | 0.05 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.01 | 2.18 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3.47* |
≤800 | BF | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.051 | 0.096 | 0.06 | 2.2 | 2.62 | 1.73 |
Dimethyldisulfide | 5.87 | LL | 0.022 | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.05 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.44 |
1864 | BF | 0.015 | 0.02 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 1.47 | 0.07 |
2-Acetylthiazole | 13.28 | LL | 0.018 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.38 | 6.08* | 4.07* | 12.53* |
1030 | BF | 0.033 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.054 | 0.01 | 1.61 | 4.73* | 2.01 |
3-Acetylpyrrol | 14.22 | LL | 0.054 | 0.062 | 0.057 | 0.057 | 0.1 | 0.17 | 0.8 | 5.56* | 0.86 |
1071 | BF | 0.014 | 0.032 | 0.021 | 0.038 | 0.01 | 4.47* | 2.1 | 0.54 |
Total sulfur containing | | LL | 0.139 | 0.179 | 0.175 | 0.186 | 0.02 | 2.04 | 1.11 | 1.39 | 1.66 |
| BF | 0.108 | 0.146 | 0.135 | 0.215 | 0.03 | 4.39* | 2.65* | 0.8 |
2-Methylpyrazine | 8.24 | LL | 0.096 | 0.176 | 0.228 | 0.365 | 0.07 | 4.74* | 5.97* | 13.6** | 0.76 |
868 | BF | 0.056 | 0.097 | 0.08 | 0.115 | 0.01 | 2.1 | 1.11 | 1.08 |
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine | 10.67 | LL | 0.01 | 0.018 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.01 | 2.29 | 5.27* | 1.0 | 0.92 |
912 | BF | 0.01 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.046 | 0.2 | 3.46* | 12.16** | 1 |
Total pyrazines | | LL | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.4 | 0.07 | 3.87* | 6.61* | 10.6** | 1.2 |
| BF | 0.066 | 0.113 | 0.127 | 0.161 | 0.2 | 3.74* | 1.32 | 1.71 |
2-Pentylfuran | 12.66 | LL | 0.165 | 0.152 | 0.105 | 0.101 | 0.04 | 0.6 | 2.43 | 5.7* | 0.2 |
1007 | BF | 0.218 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.223 | 0.01 | 2.01 | 2.17 | 0.6 |
2-Hexylfuran | 14.79 | LL | 0.085 | 0.078 | 0.096 | 0.095 | 0.01 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.64 | 0.1 |
1110 | BF | 0.078 | 0.093 | 0.082 | 0.103 | 0.02 | 2.03 | 1.3 | 0.04 |
2-Heptylfuran | 16.78 | LL | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.6 | 4.8* | 1.2 |
1317 | BF | 0.037 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.039 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 3.15* |
2-Octylfuran | 18.65 | LL | 0.114 | 0.123 | 0.219 | 0.176 | 0.04 | 3.87* | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
1615 | BF | 0.205 | 0.145 | 0.19 | 0.236 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 1.04 |
Total furans | | LL | 0.382 | 0.372 | 0.443 | 0.385 | 1 | 4.97* | 0.1 | 8.62* | 0.1 |
| BF | 0.538 | 0.417 | 0.713 | 0.601 | 0.1 | 1.83 | 4.44* | 0.01 |
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001.
RT, retention time (min); LRI, linear retention indices of authentic compounds with the GC/MS system (DB-5); ES, electrical stimulation; LL, m. longissimus lumborum; BF, m. biceps femoris.