Table 1. Drying time, drying rate, vacuum energy (kJ), and radiant energy (E_rd, kJ) of FD and different IRAFD trials for dried P. brevitarsis larva

Methods	Total drying time (min)	10% WR (min)	20% WR (min)	30% WR (min)	Drying rate (g/h)	Vacuum energy (kJ)	Radiant energy (E_rd, kJ)
FD	2,833±88^a	188±9^a	475±5^a	758±7^a	0.65±0.04^d	992±0^a	-
Continuous IRAFD-5.0 kW/m²	247±9^e	16±2^e	22±3^d	25±2^e	7.17±0.15^a	87±5^e	905±5^a
IRAFD-5.0 kW/m² at 10% WR	736±30^d	125±4^d	156±3^c	171±4^d	2.57±0.25^b	258±11^d	734±11^b
IRAFD-5.0 kW/m² at 20% WR	1,168±33^c	160±8^c	390±3^b	444±16^c	1.55±0.04^c	409±24^c	583±24^c
IRAFD-5.0 kW/m² at 30% WR	1,331±52^b	173±5^b	381±10^b	503±8^b	1.42±0.07^c	477±31^b	515±31^d

Means (±SD) with a different letter in the same column are significantly different at p<0.05.
FD, freeze-drying; IRAFD, infrared assisted freeze-drying; WR, weight reduction.