Table 2. Use of antioxidants in meat products from beef

Meat product Raw materials/concentration Active compounds Active factors Reference
Beef patties Vitamin E, carnosine, grape seed extract, tea catechin/0.03% Vitamin E, L-carnosine, polyphenols, catechin TBARS (Liu et al., 2015)
Ethanol extracts of leafy green vegetables/1% Polyphenols, flavonoids DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity, reducing power (Kim et al., 2013)
Water extracts of Nitraria retusa/0.5%, 0.75%, 1% Phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power (Mariem et al., 2014)
Lyophilized water extract of Melissa officinalis/40–500 ppm Phenolics Oxygen radical-absorption capacity (Barriuso et al., 2015)
Ethanol extracts of propolis/2% Cinnamic acid, rutin, myricetin, quercetin, chrysin, kaempferol, apigenin DPPH radical-scavenging activity (Vargas-Sánchez et al., 2014)
Ethanol : water solution (7:3) extracts of Moringa oleifera L. and Bidens pilosa L. leaf/0.1% Carotenoid, chlorophyll DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity, TBARS (Falowo et al., 2017)
Rosemary powder/0.1% NA TBARS (Sánchez-Escalante et al., 2011)
Water extract of grape seed, and rosemary extract®/0.2%–1.5% Phenolics ABTS radical-scavenging activity (Gibis and Weiss, 2012)
Water extract of hibiscus/0.2%–0.8% Phenolics ABTS radical-scavenging activity (Gibis and Weiss, 2010)
Olive leaf extract/0.01%, 0.02% NA TBARS (Hayes, et al., 2011)
Grape seed extractTM, oleoresin rosemary®, water-soluble oregano extractTM/0.02% NA TBARS (Colindres and Susan Brewer, 2011)
White grape extract/500 ppm NA TBARS (Jongberg et al., 2011)
Tea catechins, carnosine, α-tocopherol/0.03% Tea catechins, carnosine, α-tocopherol TBARS (Liu et al., 2010)
Galangal, fingerroot, turmeric, cumin, coriander seeds/0.2% Phenolics DPPH radical-scavenging activity (Puangsombat et al., 2011)
Essential oils of marjoram and rosemary/200 ppm NA TBARS (Mohamed and Mansour, 2012)
Plum puree/5%, 10%, 15% NA TBARS (Yıldız-Turp and Serdaroglu, 2010)
Water extract of summer savory (Satureja hortensis)/100, 250, 500 ppm NA TBARS (AKSU and ÖZER, 2013)
Water extract of Urtica dioica L./200, 500 ppm NA TBARS (Alp and Aksu, 2010)
70% ethanol and water extracts of ten edible plant/0.1%, 0.5% Phenolics, chlorophyll, vitamin C, carotenoids DPPH radical-scavenging activity, TBARS (Kim et al., 2013)
80% ethanol extract of peanut skin/0.02%–0.1% NA TBARS, POV (Yu et al., 2010)
Tocopherols/0.1%, oregano-rosemary/0.05% α-Tocopherol,β-tocopherol,γ-tocopherol,δ-tocopherol TBARS (Pennisi Forell et al., 2010)
74% ethanol extract of vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) Phenolics, dihydromyricetin DPPH radical-scavenging activity, TBARS (Ye et al., 2015)
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil/0.0625%, 0.125%, 0.25% Phenolics TBARS (Chaleshtori et al., 2015)
Methanol extracts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds Phenolics DPPH radical-scavenging activity, TBARS (Mohd-Esa et al., 2010)
Ascorbic acid/0.05%, α-tocopherol/0.01%, sesamol/0.01% Ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, sesamol TBARS (Ismail et al., 2009)
Rosemary and oregano extractsTM/400 ppm NA TBARS (Trindade et al., 2010)
Methanol : water : acetone : formic acid (20:40:40:1) extract of date pits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Phenolics Reducing power, TBARS (Amany et al., 2012)
Rosemary ethanol extract/0.05%, 0.2%, 0.5% Rosmarinic acid, carnosol, carnosic acid DPPH radical-scavenging activity (Puangsombat, et al., 2011)
Beef sausage Pomegranate rind powder/1%, 2%, 3%, red beet powder/1%, 3%, 5% Phenolics DPPH radical-scavenging activity, TBARS (El-Gharably and Ashoush, 2011)
Rosemary extract/250 ppm, mint extract/62 ppm NA TBARS, POV (Azizkhani and Tooryan, 2015)
Water extract of grape seed/100, 300, 500 ppm NA TBARS (Kulkarni et al., 2011)
Carrot juice/19.8% Carotenoids, phenolics TBARS, POV (Badr and Mahmoud, 2011)
Beef jerky Salicornia herbacea powder/0.5%, 1% NA TBARS (Lim et al., 2013)
Methanol extracts of Citrus junos sieb. and Prunus mume/1% NA TBARS (Lim et al., 2012)
TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); NA, not analyzed; POV, peroxide value.