Table 2. Studies of pre-converted nitrite sources and starter cultures in meat products

Meat product Pre-converted nitrite sources (added concentration) Strain in starter culture Reference
Ham
 Ground, cooked and sliced ham Celery powder (1%) Staphylococcus carnosus Krause et al. (2011)
 Ready to eat uncured ham Celery powder (1%, 2%) S. carnosus Sindelar et al. (2007)
 Ham Celery juice powder (0.2%) and vinegar, lemon powder, and cherry powder blend (0.45%) S. carnosus Jackson et al. (2011)
Sausage
 Cooked sausage Cabbage (250 g/kg), chinese cabbage (250 g/kg), young radish (250 g/kg) S. carnosus and S. xylosus Ko et al. (2017)
 Cold smoked sausage Celery (2.58%) S. xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus Eisinaitė et al. (2020)
 Dried sausage/Chorizo Citric acid (200 ppm), acerola (100 ppm), rosemary (200 ppm), lettuce (3,000 ppm), arugula (1,500 ppm), watercress (1,500 ppm), spinach (3,000 ppm), celery (3,000 ppm), chard (3,000 ppm), and beet (3,000 ppm) Pediococcus, S. xylosus, and S. carnosus Martínez et al. (2019)
 Dried fermented sausage Freeze-dried leek powder (75 ppm, 150 ppm) S. carnosus Tsoukalas et al. (2011)
 Fermented sausage Radish (0.5%, 1%) and beetroot (0.5%, 1%) S. carnosus Ozaki et al. (2020)
 Mortadella-type sausages Parsley extract powder (1.07 g/kg, 2.14 g/kg, 4.29 g/kg) S. carnosus Riel et al. (2017)
 Pork sausage Fermented spinach extract (3.0 g/100 g), fermented lettuce extract (3.0 g/100 g), fermented celery extract (3.0 g/100 g), and fermented red beet extract (3.0 g/100 g) S. carnosus Hwang et al. (2018)
 Sausage Celery power (0.8%), fruits extract powder (0.6%), purple sweet potato powder (0.45%), and fruit and vegetable extract powder (0.5%) (Not mentioned) Jin et el. (2018)
 Turkish fermented beef sausage (sucuk) Beetroot (0.12%, 0.24%, 0.35%) S. carnosus, P. acdilactici, and Lactobacillus sakei Sucu and Turp (2018)
Ground meat product
 Ground pork meat product Chinese cabbage powder (0.4%), radish powder (0.4%), spinach powder (0.4%) S. carnosus Jeong et al. (2020)
 Cooked ground pork product White kimchi powder (0.2%), acerola juice powder (0.1%), celery powder (0.4%) S. carnosus Choi et al. (2020)
Others
 Cured pork loin Fermented spinach (10%, 20%, 30%) L. farciminis Kim et al. (2017a)
 Cured pork loin Swiss chard (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) Bactoferm S-B-6 (Chr. Hansen, Gainesville, FL, USA) and S. carnosus Kim et al. (2019a)
 Cured meat model system Freeze-dried leek powder (0.84%, 1.68%) (Not mentioned) Tsoukalas et al. (2011)
 Deli-style turkey Celery powder (1%, 3.8%) Lactic acid starter culture Golden et al. (2014)
 Deli-style turkey breast Celery powder (0.21%, 0.41%) S. carnosus King et al. (2015)
 Meat emulsion Fermented red beet extract (5%, 10%) S. carnosus Choi et al. (2017)
 Pork patties Swiss chard and celery (2%) S. carnosus Shin et al. (2017)