Table 1. Physicochemical characteristics of fat globules in human and bovine milk (or IF)

Characteristics	Human milk	Bovine milk/IF	References
Fat globules size (μm)	0.35–13	1.0–10 (milk) 0.3–0.8 (IF)	Lopez and Ménard (2011), Ménard et al. (2010), Lopez et al. (2015)
Surface area (m2/g fat)	2	2.6±0.2 (milk) 26.4±2.7 (UHT milk) 20–40 (IF)	Lopez et al. (2015)
Zeta potential (mV)	−7.85	−9.4 (milk) −34 to −38 (IF)	Ménard et al. (2010) Yuan et al. (2020)
Total polar lipids (mg/100 mL)	20.4±2.8	19.2±0.8 (milk)	Zou et al. (2013)
Concentration of polar lipids (mg/100 mL)
SM	3–14	2.3±0.2	Zheng et al. (2019) Sánchez-Juanes et al. (2009)
PC	2–11	3.3±0.2
PE	0.2–9	2.9±0.2
PI	0.2–3.3	1.4±0.1 (PS/PI)
PS	0.8–4.5
Cholesterol (mg/L)	90–150	300 (milk) 0–4 (IF)	Koletzko (2016) Jensen et al. (1990)

IF, infant formula; SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PS, phosphatidylserine.