Table 7. Shear force and texture profile analysis (TPA) of chilled meats and 7 d frozen/thawed cooked meats marinated with phosphate and phosphate alternatives

Items	d of thawing	Treatments						SEM¹⁾	p-value
Items	d of thawing	Control (–)	Control (+)	PJ	OS	N-OS	YLE	SEM¹⁾	p-value
Shear force (kgf)	0^*	1.26^ax	1.07^bcx	1.24^ax	1.13^bx	1.11^bcx	1.02^cx	0.028	0.0001
	1	1.16^ay	0.90^by	1.13^ay	0.92^by	0.96^by	0.92^bxy	0.024	0.0001
	3	0.99^az	0.84^by	0.99^az	0.84^bz	0.88^bz	0.85^by	0.023	0.0002
	SEM²⁾	0.022	0.036	0.024	0.012	0.011	0.034
	p-value	0.0001	0.003	0.000	0.0001	0.0001	0.023
Hardness (kgf)	0^*	2.52^a	1.48^d	2.66^ax	1.80^bcx	1.60^dx	1.73^bc	0.092	0.0001
	1	2.21^a	1.50^b	1.80^ay	1.73^by	1.52^by	1.55^b	0.105	0.003
	3	2.18^a	1.37^b	1.78^ay	1.23^bz	1.45^bz	1.55^b	0.090	0.0001
	SEM²⁾	0.101	0.107	0.074	0.154	0.035	0.054
	p-value	0.077	0.0748	0.0001	0.0194	0.0001	0.0777
Cohesiveness	0^*	0.26^ab	0.24^bc	0.25^ab	0.24^bc	0.23^bcx	0.18^c	0.011	0.0016
	1	0.25^a	0.20^bc	0.24^ab	0.20^bc	0.20^bcy	0.19^c	0.011	0.0014
	3	0.23^ab	0.21^b	0.24^a	0.18^b	0.18^by	0.19^b	0.010	0.0293
	SEM²⁾	0.012	0.009	0.015	0.010	0.008	0.007
	p-value	0.188	0.2347	0.8011	0.0878	0.0018	0.6599
Chewiness (kgf)	0^*	0.35^a	0.28^bc	0.26^ab	0.22^bcy	0.23^bx	0.17^c	0.021	0.003
	1	0.30	0.24	0.25	0.22^x	0.20^x	0.19	0.024	0.0749
	3	0.32^a	0.24^b	0.24^b	0.21^by	0.17^by	0.20^b	0.022	0.0038
	SEM²⁾	0.025	0.023	0.026	0.022	0.020	0.015
	p-value	0.7534	0.4993	0.7038	0.032	0.0052	0.101
Gumminess (kgf)	0^*	0.51^ax	0.41^ab	0.40^ab	0.36^abxy	0.40^abx	0.27^b	0.035	0.0017
	1	0.52^x	0.39	0.38	0.35^x	0.39^xy	0.28	0.042	0.1104
	3	0.32^by	0.30^b	0.36^a	0.32^by	0.29^by	0.29^b	0.035	0.0267
	SEM²⁾	0.036	0.047	0.037	0.034	0.037	0.033
	p-value	0.0063	0.5413	0.7038	0.0509	0.0132	0.2099
Springiness (%)	0^*	57.60^abx	59.75^aby	54.92^by	62.43^a	58.33^aby	61.95^ax	1.553	0.0111
	1	59.20^x	64.83^x	66.0^x	66.75	66.89^x	62.89^x	1.980	0.0944
	3	47.88^by	55.50^aby	58.23^ay	58.79^a	57.33^ay	57.32^ay	1.873	0.0038
	SEM²⁾	1.567	1.685	1.462	2.426	2.180	1.268
	p-value	0.0013	0.0015	0.0013	0.1209	0.024	0.0273

Star (0) indicates the 1 d chilled marinated meat.
SEM (n=36).
SEM (n=18).
Mean values with different superscript letters within the same row differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Mean values with different superscript letters within the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Control (–), no phosphate; Control (+), 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate; PJ, 0.3% prune juice; OS, 0.3% oyster shell; N-OS, 0.3% nano-oyster shell; YLE, 0.3% yeast and lemon extract.