| Contamination | Pork contamination in halal beef and goat sausages | Densitometry analysis | - Actin fraction <50 kDa) identified as a potential biomarker for detecting pork in processed meat products.- Precision and accuracy tests (KV<5%, percent recovery>95%) confirmed the method’s effectiveness in testing halalness, particularly for pork-contaminated sausages. | Hermanto et al. (2022) |
| Six prohibited meats (donkey, cat, pig, rat, dog, and monkey) contamination in halal beef meatballs and other commercial food products | High resolution melting analysis (HRMA) | - Prohibited animal DNA limit of detection: 0.01 ng (except pig DNA, which is 0.001 ng).- Method achieved 100% accuracy in identifying intentionally adulterated non-halal meats in beef meatballs.- Method validation with 260 Thai food products identified two samples contaminated with pig DNA. | Denyingyhot et al. (2021) |
| Porcine blood contamination | Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) | - Qualitative ELISA characterized MAbs against blood, non-blood, and plasma from different species.- Twelve MAbs exhibited specificity to porcine plasma.- MAbs recognizing 60 kDa heat-treated soluble proteins in porcine blood and plasma were selected as a novel approach for detecting porcine plasma in processed food. | Raja Nhari et al. (2023) |
| Pork contamination in beef extract | Molecularly imprinted polymer nanogel (MIP-NG)-based sensor | - Fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer nanogel (F-MIP-NG) sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance to detect porcine serum albumin.- Rapid detection, less than 5 minutes per sample.- Low detection limit of 0.1 wt% for pork contamination. | Cheubong et al. (2021) |
| Porcine contamination | Interdigitated electrode (IDE) | - Titanium dioxide (TiO2) deposition on IDEs for optimization.- IDE could detect porcine presence at 1.0 μM.- Gold replacement may enhance device sensitivity. | Nordin et al. (2016) |