Table 6. Comparison of different meat alternatives

Aspect Plant-based meat Restructured meat Cultured meat Insect-based meat
Market value $6.1 billion in 2022(Caputo et al., 2024) Growing due to advancements in food technology(Samad et al., 2024b) An emerging market with high growth potential(Chodkowska et al., 2022) Expected to grow with increasing awareness(Malila et al., 2024)
Consumer acceptance High, but needs improvement in taste and affordability(Gradl et al., 2024) Increasing due to health and sustainability benefits(Samad et al., 2024b) Gradually growing, but faces perception and cost challenges(Samad et al., 2024c) Low, but improving with awareness and innovative products(Malila et al., 2024)
Production cost Relatively low and decreasing(Samad et al., 2024a) Moderate, depending on the technology and ingredients used(Molina et al., 2024) High, but expected to decrease with scale(Niszczota and Błaszczyński, 2024) Low, but varies with the type of insect and processing method(Khayrova et al., 2024)
Environmental impact Lower than conventional meat but varies by product(Bakhsh et al., 2021a) Lower than traditional meat, depends on ingredients(Molina et al., 2024) Significantly lower than conventional meat(Chodkowska et al., 2022) Very low insects require less land, water, and feed(Malila et al., 2024)
Nutritional value High in protein, fiber, and other nutrients, but varies by product(Kumari et al., 2023) It can be tailored to match or exceed conventional meat(Samad et al., 2024b) Comparable to traditional meat, it can be customized(Chodkowska et al., 2022) High in protein, vitamins, and minerals(Khayrova et al., 2024)
Regulatory status Widely accepted and regulated(Kumari et al., 2023) Accepted, but varies by region(Samad et al., 2024b) Limited, but increasing with more approvals(Samad et al., 2024c) Limited, varies by region, but gaining acceptance(Malila et al., 2024)
Key players Beyond Meat, Impossible Foods(Samad et al., 2024a) Various food tech companies(Molina et al., 2024) Memphis Meats, Mosa Meat(Samad et al., 2024c) Aspire Food Group, Entomo Farms(Megido et al., 2024)