| Cell | - Chicken fibroblasts transformed into muscle cells using myogenic differentiation (MyoD) overexpression in a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel scaffold, forming muscle fibers similar to native meat.- Achieved effective adipogenesis in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures with chicken fibroblasts using a medium with 60 μg/mL insulin and 8 μg/mL fatty acids. | Ma et al. (2024) |
| - Cultured muscle and fat layered in a 3:1 ratio on 2D hydrogel scaffolds to create beef-like cultured meat with enhanced sensory properties.- Low alginate (0.25%) hydrogel with low crosslinking (3 kPa) is ideal for adipocyte differentiation.- High alginate (2%) hydrogel with high crosslinking (11 kPa) is optimal for muscle cell differentiation. | Lee et al. (2024c) |
| - Fermentation in cultured meat production offers natural food safety ingredients, enhancing taste, texture, nutrition, and shelf life.- Precision fermentation supports continuous synthesis of fetal bovine serum (FBS) replacement components, scaffolds, nutrients, and food additives. | Singh et al. (2022) |
| - Frankfurt-style cultured meat sausages have similar hardness to commercial sausages and intermediate chewiness between processed turkey and raw chicken.- Cultured meat sausages have a higher Young’s modulus than traditional sausages, indicating greater stiffness. | Paredes et al. (2022) |
| - Cell growth rate and viability are higher at 37°C compared to 39°C in both C2C12 cells and Hanwoo muscle satellite cells (MuSCs).- C2C12 cells at 39°C show higher levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and myoglobin (MB) gene- MuSCs also display increased MyHC, myogenic factor 6 (MYF6), and MB gene levels at 39°C.- Optimal culture efficiency for MuSCs involves proliferation at 37°C and differentiation at 39°C. | Oh et al. (2023) |
| - Serum-free cultures (B27, AIM-V) effectively differentiate C2C12 cells, with increased glycerol-3-phosphate and uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine as myotube maturation markers.- Lactate secretion reduced by about 50% in B27 and AIM-V media, showing less pH variation and better culture suitability than conventional media. | Jang et al. (2022) |
| - Pronase isolates more porcine MuSCs compared to collagenase; combining pronase with Dispase II yields cells with good viability and muscle differentiation ability.- MuSCs isolated using pronase+Dispase II with 30-minute pre-plating are produced more efficiently than using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). | Li et al. (2022b) |
| - C2C12 myoblasts in optimized serum-free media enter the logarithmic growth phase within 1 day and proliferate rapidly over 3 days, similar to serum-containing conditions.- Long-term passage in serum-free media maintains C2C12 proliferation rates akin to serum-supplemented media. | Dai et al. (2024) |
| - Beefy-9 medium, supplemented with 800 μg/mL recombinant human albumin, effectively supports MuSC myogenesis and long-term culture maintenance.- MuSCs adhere better to flasks coated with 1.5 μg/cm2 cleaved vitronectin than those coated with laminin fragment iMatrix-511. | Stout et al. (2022) |
| - Recombinant bovine fibroblast growth factor 1 (rbFGF1) significantly enhances C2C12 myoblast proliferation by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and increasing dynamin-related protein 1 phosphorylation, which governs mitochondrial fission.- rbFGF1 improves mitochondrial health by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoting fission, essential for cell proliferation and energy metabolism. | Liu et al. (2024) |
| - Overexpressing FGF2 or RASG12V activates endogenous FGF2, restoring the effect of recombinant FGF and eliminating the need for exogenous FGF2, reducing culture media costs.- Modified cells maintain growth rates and myogenic characteristics, with slightly reduced myotube formation compared to those cultured with exogenous FGF2. | Stout et al. (2024) |
| - Glucose extracted from Chlorococcum littorale or Arthrospira platensis and amino acids extracted from Chlorella vulgaris were shown to be excellent as medium additives for C2C12 mouse myoblast culture. | Okamoto et al. (2020) |
| - Hydrophilic compounds derived by ultrasonic extraction of Chlorococcum littorale (CW) can be used as serum substitutes in mammalian cell proliferation.- The sample treated with 40% CW showed a proliferation rate similar to the control group in C2C12 cells. | Ghosh et al. (2024) |
| - Treatment with 3,2′-dihydroxyflavone (10 μM) during the proliferation phase increases cell expansion by 34%, while quercetin (50 nM) during differentiation significantly boosts MyHC expression 4.73-fold compared to controls.- Flavonoid combination in optimized medium for cultured meat production expands the contractile area of cultured meat by 41.37%. | Guo et al. (2022) |
| - Cytokine efficiency in cultured meat production is enhanced by simultaneous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the CPK2B2 strain reaching the highest cytokine production at 1,845.67 μg/L.- DMEM with 5% FBS supplemented with 1 g/L CPK2B2 lysate increases porcine MuSC proliferation by 1.59-fold compared to DMEM with 5% FBS alone, without affecting differentiation potential. | Lei et al. (2023) |
| - Gelatin and soymilk scaffold supports C2C12 cells with a 102.1% survival rate, increasing myosin expression 2.45 times, aiding muscle tissue formation.- For 3T3-L1 fat cells, the scaffold shows a 118.2% survival rate, with proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression increasing 1.32 times, promoting fat accumulation. | Li et al. (2022a) |
| - Aligned porous structures significantly enhance MuSC differentiation into muscle fibers, up-regulating myogenic genes and proteins, forming matured myotubes that mimic natural muscle tissue organization, and improving cultured meat texture and microstructure.- Aligned pore scaffolds improve mechanical properties, enhancing the texture of cell-cultured meat to resemble traditional meat in chewiness and resilience. | Chen et al. (2024) |
| - The polyamide polyethylene double-layer laser welding device enables precise and stable welding and cutting.- Bovine mesenchymal stem cells cultured on food-grade rice puff scaffolds suggest cost-effective cultured meat production using a laser cutter. | Gome et al. (2024) |
| - The glutenin-chitosan complex (G-CS) scaffold, fabricated through hydrothermal treatment, molecular assembly, and water annealing, features a regular hexagonal structure with small pore size, and increased compressive modulus due to chitosan and glutenin mixing.- The G-CS scaffold’s microstructure enhances cell adhesion rate of porcine MuSCs and effectively promotes myotube fusion and proliferation. | Wu et al. (2024) |
| - MuSCs from large yellow croaker show distinct morphologies in 2D vs. 3D systems, with enhanced adhesion and proliferation in 3D cultures using hydrogels and microcarriers.- MuSCs on microcarriers and hydrogels exhibit higher expression of adhesion-related genes (integrin β1, syndecan-4, vinculin) and myogenic markers (Pax7, Myod1) than 2D cultures; microcarriers induce slight spontaneous differentiation due to rapid proliferation. | Yin et al. (2024) |
| - Compressive elastic moduli of crosslinked hydrogels can be adjusted by polymer concentration and crosslinking method; dual-crosslinked alginate hydrogels are stiffer and support muscle tissue well.- Dual-crosslinked alginate hydrogels are non-cytotoxic, maintaining high cell viability and adhesion, with arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid modified hydrogels supporting higher MuSC density.- C2C12 adhesion rate increases as visible light-crosslinked samples’ elastic stiffness (49–88 kPa) aligns with muscle tissue elastic modulus (16–60 kPa). | Tahir and Floreani (2022) |
| - Wet-spinning technology used alginate immersion in a zein coagulation bath with CaCl2 to produce zein-alginate (ZA) fibers.- Using a 30 G needle in fiber production significantly reduced ZA fiber diameter, resulting in a more aligned structure during cell culture. | Jeong et al. (2024) |
| - Pre-processing methods such as ultrasound, microwave, and high-pressure treatment, along with controlling ink formulation using lipids or hydrophilic colloid and transglutaminase, were suggested to improve printability.- 3D printing can convert low-value meat by-products and trimmings into higher-value food products, addressing waste and sustainability issues in the meat industry. | Dong et al. (2023) |
| - Gelatin/alginate/ε-poly-L-lysine (GAL) hydrogel, with 5% gelatin, 5% alginate, and ε-poly-L-lysine (4:1 molar ratio to alginate), shows excellent compressive strength, porosity, and shape fidelity, ideal for 3D printing.- GAL hydrogel supports porcine MuSC culture, achieving over 96.6% cell viability and stable MyoD differentiation marker expression, demonstrating successful cellular differentiation. | Wang et al. (2024a) |
| - 100 μM L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Asc-2P) effectively sustains muscle stem cell culture from neonatal pig tissues, increasing PAX7-positive cells compared to adult pigs.- Optimized polydimethylsiloxane mold, collagen solution, and porcine MuSCs form a 3D porous tissue network for cultured meat production; Asc-2P treatment enhances MyHC protein and MYOG expression with longer myotubes and stronger contractile force. | Zhu et al. (2022) |
| - MuSCs experience adverse attachment and proliferation effects at 1, 10, and 50 μg/mL microplastic concentrations, with highest viability at 10 μg/mL; microplastic concentration minimally affects differentiation marker expression [MyoD1, MYOG, troponin T 3A (TNNT3A)]. | Sun et al. (2024) |
| - Co-culture of C2C12 myoblasts and 3T3-L1 adipocytes forms stacked cell sheets mimicking meat structures, a platform for alternative meat products; multilayer assembly contracts into stable constructs without extracellular matrix, with a 1:3 cell ratio crucial for replicating meat texture and flavor. | Shahin-Shamsabadi and Selvaganapathy (2022) |
| - Porcine pre-embryonic epithelial stem cells (pgEpiSCs) differentiate into myogenic precursor cells via Wnt activation and transforming growth factor-β inhibition in serum-free medium.- Plant-based 3D scaffold using glucomannan, sodium alginate, and calcium ions supports over 95% adhesion with C2C12 cells and porcine MuSCs, with pgEpiSCs-muscle cells showing expanded myofiber morphology and producing cultured meat. | Zhu et al. (2023) |